China is often described as communist, capitalist or something in between. Yet modern China operates through a distinctive hybrid system in which markets drive growth and innovation while the state retains the authority to guide economic development and long-term national priorities.
China’s economic rise is often viewed through the lens of growth, technology and geopolitics. This series explores the institutional architecture behind that rise and examines how state coordination, industrial policy and strategic planning shape economic power in the twenty-first century.
China’s economic slowdown is often discussed through statistics and growth forecasts. Yet behind the numbers lies a quieter reality: changing expectations, weakened confidence and a society learning to operate without the momentum that once seemed automatic.
China remains one of the world’s largest industrial powers, yet beneath the language of stability and resilience, quieter economic signals are emerging. This article explores how China is gradually shifting from managing expansion toward managing stabilisation.
