Artificial intelligence is moving beyond compute and into perception. From lidar and AR interfaces to robotic vision and sensorized cities, photonics is becoming the infrastructure that allows machines to see — and in doing so, reshapes mobility, industry and geopolitical power.
China’s rapid push into photonic technologies signals a shift from the semiconductor race to a deeper infrastructure contest. As AI strains the limits of electricity, light-based computing, optical networks and quantum communication emerge as the foundations of future technological power.
What appeared to be a conventional industry expo in Singapore revealed something far more consequential: a region aligning industry, capital and state power around photonics — the physical backbone of artificial intelligence, data infrastructure and future economic competitiveness in the emerging global order.
Quantum computing is often presented as a race between exotic physics concepts and dazzling promises of exponential speed-ups. In practice, however, the decisive question is far more down to earth: which technologies can actually be engineered, manufactured and maintained at scale?
Semiconductors have become the fault line of modern geopolitics. The United States and China are investing aggressively in domestic chip production, treating semiconductors not as consumer goods but as strategic infrastructure. Europe, by contrast, spent decades optimising research while outsourcing large-scale manufacturing — until recent crises exposed how fragile that model had become.
Photonics is not a buzzword. It is the technology that carries the internet across oceans, enables chips to be etched at atomic scale and forms the foundation of future quantum systems. From fibre-optic communications to advanced manufacturing, photonics has become a critical enabler of modern societies. By 2030, the global photonics market is expected to exceed one trillion dollars. Yet at the heart of this rapidly expanding field lies a strategic chokepoint: extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography.
When people talk about cutting-edge technology, they often think of the giants that dominate software and AI — Google, Apple, Meta, Nvidia, OpenAI. But the foundations of global innovation increasingly rely on something far more complex, far more fragile and far harder to replicate: deep hardware ecosystems.
